Definition
A pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid between the layers of the membrane that lines the lungs and chest cavity.
Causes
Your body produces pleural fluid in small amounts to lubricate the surfaces of the pleura, the thin membrane that lines the chest cavity and surrounds the lungs. A pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of this fluid.
Two different types of effusions can develop:
- Abnormal lung pressure commonly caused by congestive heart failure.
- Inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the pleura, which is often caused by lung disease. Examples include asbestosis, lung cancer, and pneumonia.
Symptoms
There may be no symptoms.
Exams and Tests
During a physical examination, the doctor will listen to the sound of your breathing with a stethoscope and may tap on your chest to listen for dullness.
Tests may help to confirm a diagnosis. The cause and type of pleural effusion is usually determined by thoracentesis (a sample of fluid is removed with a needle inserted between the ribs).
Treatment
Treatment may be directed at removing the fluid, preventing its re-accumulation, or addressing the underlying cause of the fluid buildup.
For example, pleural effusions caused by congestive heart failure are treated with diuretics and other medications that treat heart failure.
Pleural effusions caused by infection are treated with antibiotics specific to the causative organism.
In patients with cancer or infections, the effusion is often treated by using a chest tube to drain the fluid. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or instilling medication within the chest that prevents re-accumulation of fluid after drainage may be used in some cases.
Outlook (Prognosis)
The expected outcome depends upon the underlying disease.
Possible Complications
- A lung surrounded by a fluid collection for a long time may collapse.
- Pleural fluid that becomes infected may turn into an abscess, which requires prolonged drainage with a chest tube placed into the fluid collection.
- In rare cases, surgery is needed to remove the abscess.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if symptoms suggestive of pleural effusion develop.
Call your provider or go to the emergency room if shortness of breath or difficulty breathing occurs immediately after thoracentesis.
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